Simulation of an injectionlocked relativistic klystron. Design of continuous beam steerable and scalable unit. The loop adjusts f 1, until oscillation conditions for phase are satisfied for the injected frequency w inj. Understanding injection locking in negativeresistance lc. Design and analysis of chopper stabilized injectionlocked oscillator sensors employing nearfield modulation abstract. Computational research of hpm sources at afrl is committed to developing design tools and techniques that. Design and analysis of lowpower highfrequency robust subharmonic injectionlocked clock multipliers ahmed elkholy, student member, ieee, mrunmay talegaonkar, student member, ieee, tejasvi anand, student member, ieee, and pavan kumar hanumolu, member, ieee abstracta lowjitter, lowpower lcbased injectionlocked. A subharmonic injectionlocked selfoscillating mixer. The phenomenon, together with the related effect of injection pulling, has often been regarded as an unwanted disturbance, causing, among. A low noise programmable clock multiplier based on a pulse.
Detailed schematic of the proposed current starved subharmonic injection. Design and analysis of lowpower highfrequency robust. This thesis proposes a novel, all synthesized, injection locked ring oscillator. We exploited injectionlocking in differential cmos ring oscillators to implement prescalers that can operate at frequencies of up to 2. The injection locked oscillator array iloa with a conventional feed gives better phase noise performance and the consequent less leakage to adjacent channels, which is critical if the active array system delivers wireless power at the single tone in ism band. There some older chord organs that use injection locked neon rc oscillators as dividers. Modeling oscillator injection locking using the phase domain. They wrap a piece of foil around the next lamp down the chain and drive it with the output of the first rc oscillator. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked oscillators j, 38th european microwave conference, 2008. An injectionlocked millimeter wave oscillator based on.
In modern communication era injection locking phenomena has found considerable attention in the design of modern transreceivers and frequency. Theory and experiments of injectionlocked oscillator p. A study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators ucla. Alternatively, this can be represented as 1 tinj tinj d. A fully synthesized injection locked ring oscillator based on a. Downey national aeronautics and space administration lewis research center cleveland, ohio 445 summary a kuband impatt oscillator with two distinct output power ports was lnjectlonlocked alternately at both ports. Injection locking il 1, 2, 3 is a nonlinear phenomenon in which a selfsustaining oscillators phase becomes precisely locked i. A low jitter programmable clock multiplier based on a. The pilo injection strength, and thus the injection bandwidth, is affected by the amount of. A study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators. Showed the design of frequency dividers that can operate up to 2. An injection locking scheme for precision quadrature. This chapter provides an overview of injectionlocking and its applications in mixedmode signal processing.
A wideband injection locking scheme and quadrature phase. Lee, member, ieee abstract injectionlocked oscillators ilos are investigated. A low noise programmable clock multiplier based on a pulse injectionlocked oscillator with a highlydigital tuning loop belal m. The injectionlocked oscillator circuit contains an oscillator subcircuit comprising an inductance and a capacitance, in addition to an external signal input for the application of the input signal. Described the injection locking mechanism and how it applies to cmos ring oscillators. A digitally controlled injectionlocked oscillator with. Said circuit is also equipped with a transistor subcircuit comprising two crossconnected transistors. A laboratory equipment management system design based on rfid p. Previous works employ one more input port to apply a reference signal, used to synchronize the oscillation signal generated by the same component, forming in this way an injectionlocked selfoscillating mixer ilsom a subharmonic injectionlocked selfoscillating mixer s. Perrott massachusetts institute of technology, cambridge, ma, 029, usa abstract. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked oscillators.
Design of injectionlocked vco the vco is the core of the following proposed lowcost antenna array implementations for wpt rf system. The mcu series 0 or wireless mcu series 0 crystal oscillators use a relatively low oscillation amplitude, which can lead to a lower an0016. Characterization and implementation of an injection locked. The phenomenon, together with the related effect of injection. Injection locking theory after injection locking, vinj introduces a simple phaseshift in the oscillator loop. Cmos injection locked oscillators for quadrature generation at radiofrequency. An injectionlocked oscillator oscillates at the injection frequency. Clive poole, izzat darwazeh, in microwave active circuit analysis and design, 2016. Pdf analysis and design of subharmonically injection. A study of superharmonic injection locking in multiband. For example, in rf design, mutually injectionlocked arrays of oscillators have been used to control the aperture phase of phasedarray antennas 14. Injection locking rf and microwave circuits university of.
We also present a simplified model for injectionlocked frequency dividers ilfds that helps predict the locking range, and shows design insights that enable further optimization. The main goal of this project was to design an injection locked oscillator ilo with freerunning frequency of 70 ghz, and with locking capability to the third and the fifth harmonics of the reference signal upon injection. Abstract subharmonic injection locking shil is an interesting phenomenon in nonlinear oscillators that is useful in rf applications. Ringoscillatorbased injectionlocked frequency divider.
An identity obtained from phase and envelope equations is used to express the requisite oscillator nonlinearity and interpret phase noise reduction. Two injectionlocked frequency dividers, with divideby3 and divideby5 operations respectively, were simulated by tsmc 0. Consider the feedback oscillatory system shown in fig. Theory and experiments of injectionlocked oscillator. When the coupling is strong enough and the frequencies near enough, the second oscillator can capture the first oscillator, causing it to have essentially identical frequency as the second. Glenn, this is a great continuation of the wien bridge oscillator tradition. Two oscillators can be connected in such a way that a signal from one oscillator is injected into the second oscillator and a signal from the second oscillator is injected into the first. Sveltoanalysis and design of injection locked lc dividers for low power quadrature generation. I had never seen a very linear wien bridge oscillator locked with a simple injection, and it was not until i saw your elegant design that i realized that the lock mechanism is.
A load independent xparametersbased heterojunction bipolar transistor hbt model has been used for the first time in the design and behaviour prediction of injectionlocked oscillator circuits. Is there a way to conceal the periodic voltage source in the circuit so as not to piss the pss off. Design and analysis of lowpower highfrequency robust subharmonic injectionlocked clock multipliers ahmed elkholy, student member, ieee, mrunmay talegaonkar, student member, ieee, tejasvi anand, student member, ieee, and pavan kumar hanumolu, member, ieee abstracta lowjitter, lowpower lcbased injection locked. Pdf low power current starved subharmonic injection locked. Injection locking characteristics of oscillators are derived and a graphical analysis is presented that describes injection pulling in time and frequency domains. Simulation of an injectionlocked relativistic klystron oscillator j. The waveform of the output signal is one of the most basic characteristics of an oscillator. Injectionlock a wienbridge oscillator analog devices. An interesting subclass of microwave oscillators are those where a reference signal from one oscillator is injected into another oscillator, and locks the fundamental output of the injected oscillator. In this section, we deal with the phase response the more important aspect. The oscillator consists of an lc tank, whose loss, is com. Injection locking and injection pulling are the frequency effects that can occur when a harmonic oscillator is disturbed by a second oscillator operating at a nearby frequency. The inserted phaseshift in the loop shifts the oscillation frequency from w 0 to w inj. This paper presents the design and the analysis of chopper stabilization circuit techniques in oscillatorbased rf sensors with injection locking for dielectric spectroscopy biosensing applications.
I wanted to acquire the fft of a pure sinusoid of about 5 khz. Injection locking il 1, 2, 3 is a nonlinear phenomenon in which a selfsustaining oscillator s phase becomes precisely locked i. Subharmonic injection locking works, in principle, sim ilar to an mdll. Our theoretical conclusions are supported by simulations and experimental data from a variety of lc, ring, and relaxation oscillators. The behavior of phaselocked oscillators under injection pulling is also formulated. Microwave oscillators an overview sciencedirect topics. The design consideration of the ilfd includes the operating. A study of injection pulling and locking in oscillators.
This model has been extracted from loadpull measurements with a largesignal network analyser and, in order to obtain a high oscillator rf power, targeting a load impedance close to the optimum one. An analytical and experimental study of injectionlocked. Helal, chunming hsu, kerwin johnson, and michael h. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked oscillators arkosnato neogy and jaijeet roychowdhury department of electrical engineering and computer science, university of california, berkeley abstract subharmonic injection locking shil is an interesting phenomenon in nonlinear oscillators that is useful in rf applications. Pdf design and characterization of a monolithic cmos. Design and analysis of chopper stabilized injectionlocked. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked. The circuit design and the experimental results of the wideband cmos frequency divider based on a threestage injectionlocked ring oscillator are presented in sections iii and iv, respectively. Design and analysis of lowpower highfrequency robust sub. A harmonicoscillator design methodology based on describing functions jesper bank department of signals and systems school of electrical engineering chalmers university of technology sweden 2006. Kband frequencyselective limiter using an injection.
Ringoscillatorbased injectionlocked frequency divider has merits of compact and low power devices. The invention relates to an injectionlocked oscillator circuit and a computational unit. Oscillator under injection the objective of our analysis is to determine the effect of injection on the phase and envelope of the oscillator output. A simulation study of injection locked clocking with ring. A lowpower clock distribution scheme for highend microprocessors. The result is that the two oscillators become locked in frequency, typically oscillating in quadrature. A phase shift in the tank will cause the oscillation frequency to. A free running oscillator can be injection locked to the nth harmonic of the reference clock. A signal generator for generating an output signal with a frequency that is a multiple of a frequency of a reference signal, the signal generator including an oscillator configured to generate the output signal in dependence on the reference signal and a control signal and a control circuit configured to generate the control signal to comprise a series of pulses in which one or more of the. We begin by considering the subharmonic injection locked oscillator shown in fig. A general theory of injection locking and pulling in. The parallel feedback topology of microwave oscillator is chosen to operate as microwave source for radiators in the two proposed antenna array implementations because the narrowband signal. It browses through the development of the injectionlocking of oscillators with an emphasis on the characterization of injectionlocked oscillators.
The pierce oscillator in the mcu series 0 or wireless mcu series 0 the pierce oscillator is known to be stable for a wide range of frequencies and for its low power consumption. Design and characterization of a monolithic cmosmems mutually injectionlocked oscillator for differential resonant sensing article pdf available in sensors and actuators a physical 269. Wo2004054109a1 injectionlocked oscillator circuit and a. The research and design of intelligent photoelectric turbidity sensor. This adds additional design complexity and an areapower penalty to the otherwise simple circuit, thus offsetting the merits of injectionlocked based system. Although the most general characterization of injection locking allows. A digitally controlled injection locked oscillator with fine frequency resolution. Injectionlocking is equivalent to first order pll and is always stable. Consequently, subharmonic injection can be used for frequency multiplication the output frequency of the injectionlocked oscillator is a harmonic of the injected frequency, whereas superharmonic injection can be used for frequency division the output frequency. An analytical and experimental study of injectionlocked twoport oscillators jon c.
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